No measurement can be done with perfect accuracy and precise but it is important to find out what a accuracy actually is and how different error have inter to the measurements so the a study of error is first step in finding the way to reduce them.
Type of error
1) Gross error
2) Sysematic error
3) Random error
experimenter may transpose the reading by recording how as long as human being are involve some gross error will definitely be committed also complete although complete examination of gross error is possibly impossible so one should try to anticipate and correct them.
some gross error easily detected while others may be very difficult to detect.
Precaution
1) great care should be taken in reading and recording the data
2) two three or more reading should be taken for quantity under meadmeasure
1) instrumental error
2) environmental error
3) observational error
a) Inheren suit coming
these error are inherent in the instrument because of their mechanical structure they may be due to construction calibration or operation of instrument .
this error may causee instrument to read too low to high
avoided by
instrument maybe recalibrated carefully.
correction factors should be applied after determining the instrumental error.
Error measurement must be carefully planned.
b) Missuse of instrument
Too often the error causing in measurement are due to the fault of operator than that of instrument is used in and an unintelligent way may way give error in result.
c) Loading effect
One of the most common error committed by beginners is the inproper use of an instrument or measurement works.
E.g.- well calibrated voltmeter may give a misleading voltage rating when connected across a high resistance circuit however the some voltmeter when connected in low resistance aap itne give more precise reading.
This error due to the condition of external to the measuring device that is conditions conditions surrounding to the instrument this error may be of temperature ,pressure or humidity, variation in external magnetic field etc
To minimise the parallax error highly accurate metres are provided with mirror scale and light should be available for reading purpose.
Type of error
1) Gross error
2) Sysematic error
3) Random error
Gross error
It covers maily human mistakes in reading instrument ,recording and calculating measurement results responsibility of the mistakes normally lies with the experimentere
The experimenter mein grossly miss-read the scale.
for example -experimenter read the temperature add 40 degree Celsius instead of 50 degree Celsiusexperimenter may transpose the reading by recording how as long as human being are involve some gross error will definitely be committed also complete although complete examination of gross error is possibly impossible so one should try to anticipate and correct them.
some gross error easily detected while others may be very difficult to detect.
Precaution
1) great care should be taken in reading and recording the data
2) two three or more reading should be taken for quantity under meadmeasure
Sysematic error
It is further divided into three categories1) instrumental error
2) environmental error
3) observational error
1) Instrumental error
This error arise due to-a) Inheren suit coming
these error are inherent in the instrument because of their mechanical structure they may be due to construction calibration or operation of instrument .
this error may causee instrument to read too low to high
avoided by
instrument maybe recalibrated carefully.
correction factors should be applied after determining the instrumental error.
Error measurement must be carefully planned.
b) Missuse of instrument
Too often the error causing in measurement are due to the fault of operator than that of instrument is used in and an unintelligent way may way give error in result.
c) Loading effect
One of the most common error committed by beginners is the inproper use of an instrument or measurement works.
E.g.- well calibrated voltmeter may give a misleading voltage rating when connected across a high resistance circuit however the some voltmeter when connected in low resistance aap itne give more precise reading.
2) Environmental error
This error due to the condition of external to the measuring device that is conditions conditions surrounding to the instrument this error may be of temperature ,pressure or humidity, variation in external magnetic field etc
3) Observational error
This error caused due to data is not taken in right way for example. Of voltmeter rest slightly above the surface of a screen and error of parallax will be there unless the line of vision of observer is exactly above the pointerTo minimise the parallax error highly accurate metres are provided with mirror scale and light should be available for reading purpose.
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